Internet security Essay

Our educator gave us a task and I needed to search for some data from the online library. I ran to the open library close by and at the passageway I was welcomed by a sign with the words â€Å"Internet security enforced† So the internet providers offered by the library had finally been made sure about! In the current world the term web is exceptionally normal. As Curtin concedes in his article on Introduction to organize security â€Å"This is a word that I have heard way over and over again over the most recent couple of years. Motion pictures, books, papers, magazines, TV programs, and essentially every other kind of media conceivable have managed the web as of late. Web is a term used to allude to a ‘network of other networks’ (Curtin, standard 21-22). Web has a history in itself. It was made fundamentally to improve the connections among various specialists supported by the administration. The web developed quickly in the long stretches of 1980s in instructive foundations, business associations, government organizations and global establishments. Continuously of 1990s, web use had extraordinarily developed and the systems administration had expanded at an exceptionally quick rate contrasted with any system that had ever been utilized before like phone use for systems administration. At the point when a look is made into the present, a huge number of web clients are associated with dominant part being those in business (NIST, standard 7). The web innovation does something amazing in this propelled society. Be that as it may, one is in danger of assaults sneaking through the front entryway if the web webpage is unreliable and the PC framework isn't prepared to deal with such instances of frailty. It is in this way imperative to have web security. What at that point is web security? Web Security Concept To show signs of improvement knowledge of the positive and the negative side of web security as a major aspect of innovation, it is critical to comprehend the idea ‘Internet security’. Security is by all accounts an uncertain term. Everybody contends contrastingly of what this is and moreover the satisfactory hazard levels. Web security involves the assurance of the system against dangers. Security is an issue for everybody as well as everything. Indeed, even the web should be made sure about from dangers, for example, infections (Curtin, standard 104-105). Infections are the wellspring of PC framework instability. Infection is programming that sticks to have programming. It utilizes the host’s capacity to reproduce itself. At the point when the host program is executed, the host likewise executes its obligation. It likewise connects itself to different projects. Infections delete programs, take individual data or pronounce their quality blocking significant data. They present incredible risks to PC framework. In this manner PC frameworks should be made sure about (MacForensicsLab, standard 17-28). Advantages of Internet Security The advantages that accumulate from a protected web are extensive and wide. Moreover, it takes less to forestall than to fix. The principle reason for web security is to give assurance against infections. Infections are the best criminals with regards to the data innovation (NIST, par7-10). Much the same as whatever other infection that cause sicknesses, PC infections are on the expansion all of which have their source from the broadly utilized web. They can be so hazardous to a PC framework and can prompt its demolition. Such contaminations can prompt loss of significant information. Web security projects, for example, antivirus guarantee that all information got from the web is checked to expel all the undesirable projects and infections. Antivirus is a solid anti-toxin that unequivocally battles the PC infections. This guarantees the approaching data is spotless and alright for use in a PC framework (Kapsersky, standard 6-9). Web security keeps one’s data secret. The universe of innovation has extraordinarily extended. Web innovation can anyway be applied wrongly. For example, if a framework isn't secure, other individual can gain admittance to the framework through the web. Some undesirable projects can be propelled into the computer’s memory. Notwithstanding, the security put as a gatekeeper cautions clients of such risky procedures and forestalls unsafe changes that might be done on the record framework. Web security additionally shields the PC from spyware; secret data, for example, financial balance numbers, passwords and subtleties from Visas is made sure about from being seen by gatecrashers (Kapsersky, standard 13). Web security shields a PC framework from programmers. Innovation have gone excessively far with the end goal that it is conceivable to check another computer’s ports through the system. Such programmers are pernicious and are done to assault the system. What the web security does is to hinder any further correspondence with that PC that endeavoring to assault (Kapsersky, standard 16). Moreover, some web security programs permit clients to just access secure intranet or web. The firewall decides the constraints of the guidelines. All the more so a PC can be kept from perceivability by different PCs on the web. When a specific mode, for example, covertness mode has been turned on, the PC gets undetectable from different systems. All other system exercises stops separated from the predefined. Along these lines any designs to attack the frameworks are changed. Web security can in this way monitor the entire framework from assaults by infections, for example, the Trojan pony and forestalls a PCs information access by any unapproved work force (Kapsersky, standard 18-19). The greater part of the web security center around the physical foundations; the system itself. Be that as it may, there are others that give complete arrangement undoubtedly. That is, the system, applications just as stages. Instances of these incorporate, Microsoft NT (R) just as UNIX (R). An assurance that is over everything is the best for an all out security of the PC from the web ‘evils’. Web Security gives insurance administrations to empower different associations in the execution of a safe access to information just as resources through the World Wide Web (Business Wire, standard 2-3). Harms Caused By Internet In the event that a PC framework isn't ensured, dangers may wind up demolishing the general framework. PC programming and different extras are presented to hurts from the web and subsequently their working. There is in this manner need to guarantee that the framework is protected before getting to the web. Security is guaranteed by different projects, for example, antivirus. They identify nearness of an infection into a framework and fix the circumstance through an order. Unbound destinations are available to any gatecrasher (NIST, standard 9-12). Anyway ‘evil’ web security has additionally risen. ‘Evil’ innovation has likewise kept on advancing presently. There are some more grounded infections that have been made by lawbreakers that the antivirus can't recognize, for example, the Trojan Horse. Trojan Horse make resistance practically incomprehensible. It misuses the shortcoming in the client to discover some passage into the made sure about framework. The malware professes to be of significance to the client. The client will be pulled in and execute the malware in mask (MacForensicsLab standard 17-28). The infection in it is covered up in the payload and when in the framework plays out the ideal capacity by its creator. The malware can take data just as property from a ‘secure’ framework. Individual data is taken to aid robbery from a person’s financial balance, charge card and other significant regions. A similar information that was utilized to make the web secure has made it progressively shaky. More grounded infection programs have likewise come up through innovation to counter the antivirus. Through falsification to give the framework security, the infections discover their direction (MacForensicsLab standard 17-28). Some antivirus has subsequently gotten feeble and can't recognize the solid infections, for example, the Trojan pony and Autorun infections. Much the same as in the Trojan information get to, information will likewise be demolished even within the sight of antivirus (NIST, standard 9-12). End Technology is propelled all day every day to improve man’s world. Some numerous disclosures on innovation have been made, for example, the web. It has been generally received in all circles of human live. Notwithstanding the interne innovation benefits, it has been abused. Through innovation hazardous projects have been made and they are an extraordinary danger to web clients, for example, infections. More innovation has concocted projects to make sure about the web. Disregarding this security more grounded infections discover their way into the framework, for example, the Trojan pony. Something should be done to battle the more grounded infections. Work Cited Business Wire. Web Security Advantages, Inc Offers Secure Centralized Access and Control Consulting Services for Web-Based Business Applications. BNET, 1 July 1998 Web. 5 June, 2010, <http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1998_July_1/ai_50137573/ - >. Curtin, Matt. Prologue to Network Security. Kent Information Services. nd March 1997. Web. 5 June 2010 <http://www. interhack. net/bars/arrange security/ - >. Kapspersky. Kaspersky Internet Security. Kapserspersky. com. nd Web. 5 June, 2010, <http://www. antivirus. lv/pdf/Kaspersky%20Internet%20Security%206. 0%20datasheet%20eng. pdf>. MacForensicsLab. Malware on macintosh os x-virues, Trojans, and worms. MacForensicsLab. 2010. Web. 5 June 2010 <http://www. macforensicslab. com/ProductsAndServices/list. php? main_page=document_general_info&products_id=174>. NIST. A prologue to PC security. Web. 5 June, 2010, http://www. rxn. com/administrations/faq/web/ISPTG-1. html

Museum 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exhibition hall 2 - Essay Example Initially, one can't make out what the work of art speaks to (â€Å"Clyfford Still Museum†). The PH-61 is a portrayal of a few traditionalist issues and understanding difficulties (â€Å"Clyfford Still Museum†). The issues incorporate the reflection found on a superficial level, the painting’s concoction change and its breaking. When the â€Å"conserve a painting† collaboration is utilized, it changes the different treatment decisions made. The canvas provokes individuals to look past a look. It gets an individual’s consideration and causes one to invest quality energy taking a gander at the canvas. I believe that the blue part seems as though an animal lifting its head and hands up. The red part might be blood. I preferred the work of art since it grabs one’s eye. It causes one to invest energy there simply attempting to make sense of what it is. The most stunning thing is that various individuals decipher it in an unexpected way. To me it would appear that a creature yet to others it would seem that a mountain or something different and it makes a decent point for banter among peers on an exhausting

Ways For Respecting Your Beloved Commentators

Ways For Respecting Your Beloved Commentators Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Ways For Respecting Your Beloved CommentatorsUpdated On 17/04/2017Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : BloggingShort URL : http://hbb.me/2ozeg7P CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogEveryone loves their commentators. You, Me and All. They even comment and criticize during their busy schedule. But many bloggers never thought about giving something in return to them. That is not loyal. Commentators give suggestions, solutions, feedback and many more through their comments. That indeed makes the post or article active and boosts it. Below are some of the ways by which you can gift for your beloved and worthy commentators.Ways For Respecting Your Commentators1. Top Commentators Widget shows the top commentators list in my blog’s sidebar.2. Comment Luv Plugin Displays their last blog posts, tweets or digg submissions in their comments which they can choose one from.3. Sidebar Bann er A 125 x 125 banner in sidebar can be allocated for Top Commentator of the month.You can check this here itself Ad Slots For Top Commentators.4. Thank Me Later Will send thank you emails to readers after they post a comment.5. Becoming Do Follow Friendly Comment(s) placed in a Do Follow blog will be considered as a backlink. If you love your commentators you can do the same. 6. Recent Comments Widget Many blog owners fail to realize the importance of this. By displaying the recent comments, you indeed help them drive traffic.READMiles To Walk Before 2009 (Site Goals) 7. Announcing Top Commentators Allocate a separate post for mentioning the top commentators of the month.For example, like this : Top Commentators Award For December 2009 8. Greeting First Time Commentators -Replace default text ‘Your comment is awaiting moderation’ with a decent welcome message greeting. This is done without using a plugin.You should do some tweaking with the code.9. KeywordLuv : This plu gin rewards your commentators by separating their name from their keywords in the link to their website in the comments.

Meditation On The Spiritual Awakening Essay - 724 Words

Abdullah Alqessir 12-08-2015 Meditation Everyone is aware of some parts of what is meditation even though they are not aware of or have no excitement to understand. However, a high percentage of the world population now has a new interest in meditation because they need to end their depression and stress pressed upon them by their heavy daily duties at work or school. In fact the most effective method to deal with stress is not one of these modern methods but it’s a thousands year-old idea; Meditation. Meditation not only helps reduce the negative effects of stress, but also leads to a better sense of well-being by uniting mind and body. this fact has been proven scientifically many years ago. Meditation is helpful to get the spiritual awakening, which led to the end of all kinds of evil situations. For achieving spiritual awakening and its initiative results of eliminating depression and stress, people now have access to an ideal meditation course because they are throughout the world. Qualified and expe rienced leaders conduct nearly every medication course. There’s no need to spend the whole day for following a meditation course since only a very short period of time is needed. Engaging about fifteen minutes per day in meditation is sufficient understand what is meditation. Meditation is helpful for the body, it stills anxiety, and is generally beneficial. This is scientifically proven. So there are many reasons to meditate. There is no doubt that it can help stress,Show MoreRelatedZen Buddhism From Chinese Buddhism1195 Words   |  5 Pagesmind,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the ultimate reality, or â€Å"emptiness,† of all things and the enlightened state, or knowledge of that reality, characteristic of a buddha† (Bielefeldt 1995: 198). Zen emphasizes on the insight into the Buddha-nature through seated meditation (zazen), meditation practice, and teacher-sudden interaction. Zazen was understood as an expression of the Buddha nature. Zen Buddhism, focus on â€Å"a separate transmission outside scripture, not depend on words or letters, a school based solely on the teachingRead MoreZen Buddhism And The Zen School1252 Words   |  6 Pagesmind,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦the ultimate reality, or â€Å"emptiness,† of all things and the enlightened state, or knowledge of that reality, characteristic of a buddha† (Bielefeldt 1995: 198). Zen emphasizes on the insight into the Buddha-nature through seated meditation (zazen), meditation practice, and teacher-sudden interaction. Zazen was understood as an expression of the Buddha nature. 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Its goal is to offer eastern methodologies and modern day application of quantum physics and neuroscience.at a discounted price, provide prompt and outstanding customer service through its knowledgeable staff. Keys to Success Some keys to success in the industry for the Heartsong Center for Healing and Awakening is directly related to the influence with consumers

Essay on The 9/11 Conspiracy - 1711 Words

One of the most controversial events ever to occur is still being talked about to this day. September 11th, 2001 will forever go down in history as one of the most tragic disasters to hit the United States of America. It was heartbreak for all of us to see those towers fall and thousands upon thousands of American lives destroyed. One might ask themselves; didn’t everything get explained a little too quickly? Why did everyone so quickly forget the details to this tragedy? The events of September 11th, 2001 are surely going to be remembered for its brutal truth and will always remind us of the hate that we as humans can create. The events of September 11th happened so fast that lots of details were overlooked but now, six years later one†¦show more content†¦Also if one takes a look at the video footage of the World Trade Center’s collapsing, one can clearly see several levels down a perfect explosion coming out level by level by level. The explosions are so pr ecise that there is no possible way that they could’ve occurred by the collapsing itself. These explosions were caused by bombs that were placed inside the World Trade Center days before September 11th. An unexplained fire drill evacuation can prove that claim because why would everyone be ordered to evacuate the building days before September 11th? Maybe they were preparing for something in the event of an emergency (Hoffman, 2005). Actor Charlie Sheen says in an interview with Texas radio host Alex Jones (2006), Call me insane, but did it sort of look like those buildings came down in a controlled demolition? ( ¶ 3). The actions of the U.S. government and the property management suggest that they knew of the attack in advance. In The Landlord (2001) it was found that the property manager purchased an insurance policy protecting specifically against terrorist attacks just days before the tragedy of September 11th? Furthermore, the anti-terrorism handbook distributed to government officials before the attack pictures the World Trade Center in crosshairs. This just doesn’t simply add up. If the government had nothing to hide, why would they avoid this type of media surrounding theShow MoreRelatedConspiracies 9/113331 Words   |  14 Pagesthe colonist that Captain John Smith was dead. After a few years later, Pocahontas would marry Kocoum, some say he belonged to a tribe called the Patawomeck tribe. It was believed that she married for love. She then was captured by the conniving conspiracy of Samuel Argall who had the plot to use her for a pawn, so that Powhatan would comply with his demand s. The demands were more than Powhatan could handle. 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Mercy Hospital Offers An Addiction Medicine Program

The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) Mercy Hospital offers an Addiction Medicine Program. Within this program, the UPMC Mercy Hospital operates an 18-bed, medically supervised detoxification (detox) unit. Additionally, admission on to this unit is based on meeting specific medical criteria. The unit s services are only provided to adults. The average length of detoxification is 4.5 days. UPMC Mercy Hospital s detox unit treats patients who are physiologically dependent on alcohol or drugs and withdraws patients from those substances under the supervision of certified physicians, nurses, counselors and social workers (Behavioral Health Services, n.d). This unit s detoxification treatment includes a full assessment of†¦show more content†¦More precisely, UPMC Mercy Hospital Detoxification Program defines patients’ readiness for change as a complicated process that must be increased if recovery is the objective. This program’s regulations, literature , and protocols attribute readiness for change to demeanors such as proactivity (demonstrated by high motivation and involvement in treatment) and passivity which is exemplified by patients lack of motivation to complete treatment or a tendency to terminate treatment against medical advice (AMA). However, UPMC Mercy Hospital’s documentation correlates medical non-compliance to lack of motivation or readiness to change. Adherence and non-adherence are behaviors, and adherence to medication regimens requires behavioral change. Readiness to change is a key factor in successful behavioral change and has been shown to promote adherence to chronic and extensive term therapy or behavioral treatment (World Health Organization, 2003). UPMC Mercy Hospital detoxification unit supports that notion that patients who are non-compliant with follow-up producers or inpatient detoxification medication lessens the quality of healthcare and, in some cases, can lead to dangerous consequences suc h as addiction relapse. UPMC Mercy Hospital Addiction Program struggled to determine the myriad factors that contribute to non-compliance occurrence or the reduction of patients’ motivation forShow MoreRelated Are Physician-Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia Ethical? 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Needless to say, the more serious newspapers are not guilty in these respects, and

Child welfare Essay Example For Students

Child welfare Essay The Race Factor in Child Welfare: The Role of PovertyThere are many racial issues that have been acknowledged over the years and there have been many changes in the institution working for blacks and other races. However, we still have individual discrimination among the society in this world today. Research shows very clearly that African-American families and children are treated far differently by the system than white families and their children. Latinos, too, suffer from racial and ethnic bias. Asians also have this problem, but the state and city dont really keep up with the data for that population, so there is no way of knowing for sure. This is a time of change in child welfare for this new millenium. The number of children the city removed from parents and placed in foster care increased even as crime rates declined, drug use was down, and the general standard of living in poor neighborhoods had improved. The impact of this increase is proportioned more towards African Americans and Latinos. Research shows that black parents are far more likely to be reported for abuse or neglect than whites. Therefore, black children are twice as likely as whites to be removed from the home. I am not arguing that children dont need protection, but some parents refuse to care for their children in a good way, and these kids often have to be placed in someone elses care. Racism is defined as the unfair control that one group places over another group due to the belief that those to be controlled are inferior to others. The removal of a Black or Latino child from his or her parents is without a doubt a racist action in a system controlled by whites. Many minority leaders argue that because our child welfare system serves minorities and the very poor, it has become a series of interventions that tear up families, rather than providing a support network that gives them what they need to survive. Poverty, drugs, and abuse are critical factors in a government workers decision to remove a child. One national survey of abuse and neglect cases in the 80s found that children in families with incomes below $15,000 were five times more likely to be victimized by their parents than those with incomes above that level(Pelton, 1994). Low-income parents are often under greater stress and are more poorly educated. And black and Latino families are far more likely to be poor than white families. The government data reflect a huge racial disparity in the way families are treated by the citys child welfare system. In 1996, two of every five African-American children in confirmed-abuse and neglect cases were removed from their parents custody. Nearly half were removed in 1995. And nearly three in five were removed in 1994. Meanwhile, only one of every five white children in confirmed reports was removed in 1995 and 1996, and one of every four in 1994. Families whose children are not taken away are usually referred to community-based social service programs, drug treatment or counseling. Racial and cultural bias, as well as higher rates of poverty among African-Americans, appears to be among the key factors underlying the removal of children, according to academic researchers and child welfare practitioners. Racial bias, however, was not the only factor underlying this disparity. A study points out that the black women may have had less stable housing and inadequate access to prenatal services-two factors researchers determined were statistically related to the removal of a child. Black leaders in the advocacy and nonprofit fields say that black children are removed from their families more often than white children primarily because of age-old stereotypes about black families. The structure of African-American families is very different from that of American society as a whole. A single mother usually heads many black families and Black families also have far lower income on average than white families, partly because so many black households have only one parent. .udbbf70b4f99078adf89324edaf4b6b0e , .udbbf70b4f99078adf89324edaf4b6b0e .postImageUrl , .udbbf70b4f99078adf89324edaf4b6b0e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udbbf70b4f99078adf89324edaf4b6b0e , .udbbf70b4f99078adf89324edaf4b6b0e:hover , .udbbf70b4f99078adf89324edaf4b6b0e:visited , .udbbf70b4f99078adf89324edaf4b6b0e:active { border:0!important; } .udbbf70b4f99078adf89324edaf4b6b0e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udbbf70b4f99078adf89324edaf4b6b0e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udbbf70b4f99078adf89324edaf4b6b0e:active , .udbbf70b4f99078adf89324edaf4b6b0e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udbbf70b4f99078adf89324edaf4b6b0e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udbbf70b4f99078adf89324edaf4b6b0e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udbbf70b4f99078adf89324edaf4b6b0e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udbbf70b4f99078adf89324edaf4b6b0e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udbbf70b4f99078adf89324edaf4b6b0e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udbbf70b4f99078adf89324edaf4b6b0e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udbbf70b4f99078adf89324edaf4b6b0e .udbbf70b4f99078adf89324edaf4b6b0e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udbbf70b4f99078adf89324edaf4b6b0e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: To Build A Fire: Significance of Words Dying and EssayChildren have always been an important component of families. However, changing family patterns have meant that children are no longer central to our definition of family(Eitzen Zinn 352).Sometimes it is good for the child to get removed from a family. There are some

Henry Ford Essays (446 words) - Culture Of Detroit, Michigan

Henry Ford Option 1 The naming of the school is an important decision. Think about an important person for whom a new school should be named write to explain why this person would deserve this important honor. ?Henry Ford Senior High School? What exactly does it take to have a school named after a person? I think it takes great creativity, positive determination, and great contributions to society. A man who carried all these qualities/skills within him was the genius, Henry Ford. Henry Ford changed industry, production and everybody's lifestyle. Many people know about Henry Ford inventing some of the first automobiles, but what came out of it for America was a new encouragement for technology and an easier lifestyle for the average American. Therefore, I strongly believe that Henry Ford deserves the honor of having a school named after him. Henry Ford has changed the perspective of industries around the world. His invention of the assembly line and his five-dollar a day wage for the average worker brought about a total new change in Factories. Ford's style and ingenuity helped America to be more prosperous and created a large amount of ease for America in the early 1900s. All because of Ford's creativity and determination to achieve a dream that would help out the common man and the entire world. In 1908, Henry Ford contributed the most affordable car to the American people. Model T, was the name of this affordable, as well as modern car. It was no doubt that it was an ugly and simple car, but the car was able to generate its own electricity for ignition and it had a planetary transmission which allowed women and children to drive it. The greatest thing that came out from the Model T, was its influence in all of America. Since the Model T was the first affordable car, which reached a low of only $260 in 1925, it allowed the average American to own a car now. Another achievement completed by Henry Ford was the invention of the assembly line. Since the assembly line, Ford was able to produce many more cars than usual, therefore increasing profits. Also since the assembly line increased profits, Henry was able to sell Model T's for a cheaper price. Ford's assembly lines didn't always manufacture cars. The assembly line also manufactured parts for bombers and later, the entire airplane. In conclusion, Henry Ford was a very important part of our society. He was responsible for many inventions, including the Model T. His biggest contribution was revolutionizing and perfecting the assembly line. Many of Ford's great accomplishments had changed the whole entire lifestyle of America and made it into what we know today. Therefore, I feel that Henry Ford should have the outstanding honor of having a school named after him. Creative Writing

War and The Human Psyche essays

War and The Human Psyche essays The experience of war places stresses on the human spirit that can scarcely be imagined in peacetime. Dilemmas that can be largely avoided in time of peace must be faced in a time of war. Concern for ones own physical safety is often at odds with concern for the wellbeing of ones countrymen. The dictates of the mind often fight the dictates of the emotions. In such a tug of war situation, where practical and moral factors align themselves in strange and ironic patterns, it is hardly surprising that individuals respond in highly divergent ways. In this paper, the dangers that war poses to the human psyche will be considered and an attempt will be made to account for the some of the variability that can be seen in the way in which individuals respond to these threats. An examination of two books suggests that certain character traits help inoculate people in time of war, better enabling them to withstand the assaults of war. It also suggests that the absence of certain traits makes people vulnerable when they are placed in threatening circumstances. In examining two literary works: The Screwtape Letters by C.S. Lewis and The English Patient by Michael Ondaatje three character traits that were necessary in order to ensure spiritual survival were clearly shown. These traits were faith, courage, and loyalty. In the course of this paper, special attention will be given to the character traits described above. The significance of their presence or absence in the personalities of a number of literary characters will be considered. In The Screwtape Letters, Lewis portrays an anonymous English protagonist struggling to maintain his spiritual integrity against the assaults of temptations of Hell during World War Two. In The English Patient, Ondaa tje portrays a group of characters, brought together by their circumstances, reacting to what the author portrays as the tidal wave of war. The importance of faith...

Changes in the Nature of War and Diplomacy after 1989 Essay

Changes in the Nature of War and Diplomacy after 1989 - Essay Example This led to the carving out of the world into two: the Sino-Soviet East and the Anglo-American led West. Although the United States was the first country to create and use atomic bombs in the Second World War, other nations like the Soviet Union developed their own atomic bombs. In the first decade after the Second World War ended, Britain had also joined the group of nations with atomic bombs. These atomic bombs were further developed into nuclear bombs and France and China also acquired theirs. In the 1960s, a trend known as Atomic Diplomacy took centre-stage because the Soviets and the Americans had these weapons (Watson, 1989). However, the extent of damage that the weapons could cause for civilians in both countries. The need for deterrence prompted diplomacy for these two nations. One significant thing that came up after the Second World War was the formation of the United Nations which became a machinery for the rapid decolonisation of nations around the world (Robbins, 2010). The United Nations declared that it was illegal for nations to be ruled by foreign powers and this led to the collapse of the British and French colonial empires.... The first war was the Korean War fought right after the Second World War in the early 1950s. It led to the division of Korea into two parts, a Communist state in the north and a Capitalist state in the south. Other conflicts raged on in Vietnam and other countries where there were divisions on the lines of the dominant global ideological trends and patterns. There were internal struggles and coup d'etats that were influenced by these dominant powers. These were proxy wars that were fought by the chief proponents of these ideologies through their agents in foreign nations. This trend ended until the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan and fought a deadly and expensive war with Muslim militants who were backed by the West. This war effectively ended in 1989 and led to the eventual collapse of the Soviet Union. The end of the war marked a significant change in patterns and trends in war around the world. Aims and Objectives This paper seeks to identify how the nature of war has changed sin ce 1989. The essay would examine the important changes that have occurred in the conduct of war from the perspective of international relations. In doing this, the paper would explore the following objectives: 1. An examination of important changes in international relations and global order since 1989 2. Influence of the changes in international relations and global order after 1989 on wars. 3. Analysis of theories that define the current global order and its impacts on wars. 4. Evaluation of new trends in global order: Terrorism, Islamic Militancy & Internal Strives Changes in Global Order after 1989 In 1989, the Berlin Wall which acted as the symbol of the Iron Curtain which separated the Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe from Western Europe. The unification of

Compare and contrast two business case studies Essay

Compare and contrast two business case studies - Essay Example Tesco’s great number of manpower and its powerful marketing strategy are the underlying strengths that make it dominant in its specified area of business. (ivythesis.typepad.com, 2011) Eden project aim is to promote the understanding and responsible management of vital relationship between plants and resources. The site covers 50 hectares and could hold 35 football pitches. The biomes are not covered y glass but in EFTE, a transparent high tech foil, contain more than 100000 plants from 5000 species. ? 86 million has been spent to autumn 2002. Staff almost doubled by 2002 to 650. The site has attracted over two million visitors in less than two years a benefit of ? billion to the Cornish economy is predicted for the period 2001-2011.The project was a brain child of a former record producer Tim Smith who started to formulate the idea when driving around the abandoned china clay pit just outside St Austell has become home to the largest conservatories (‘Biomes ‘Peter Long, 2004 p 824). The iconic build began in Cornwall in 1998 and was officially opened in March 2001; they had planned for 750000 visitors in the first 12 months instead 1.9 Million people made their way to former china clay Pit in England most Westerly County. Eden Project has given a huge boost to Cornwall’s economy creating more than 400 Jobs. ... One out of every three pounds spent in a supermarket goes to Tesco. It is the Britain’s biggest private employer with a workforce of 260,000 employees. (Poulter S 2005) In order to achieve steering- wheel -targets, Tesco’s HR strategy revolves around work simplification, performance management, challenging unwritten rules and rolling out core skills to all head office employees. This clearly highlights how business measures at Tesco are closely linked to performance management. Although the frontline employees are considered to be Tesco’s reflection to its customers, all employees have vital roles to play in achieving the organizations goals. This is done through an innovative induction programme that caters for styles of learning, different cultures and varying work commitments which ensures that every employee clearly understands his or her individual role in contributing to Tesco’s core values and purposes. Tesco ensures that employees understand how th eir actions affects the big ‘picture’ of the overall business by providing continuous training that creates a graphical journey through Tesco’s history, its values, core purpose, business goals, financial aims, commitment to customers and the marketing strategy. In order to keep lead over its rivals in the fiercely-competitive UK supermarket sector, Tesco has adopted a human-resource-led business strategy. The strategic policy started in the company’s supermarkets with an aim of improving customers’ service by freeing up stores employees. Tesco concentrates on clear definition of employees’ roles, activities and responsibilities to ensure that employees are accountable, responsible, consulted and informed. 13 key management techniques are

What Can We Expect From Input Enhancement?

What Can We Expect From Input Enhancement? Introduction Today, it is generally accepted that target grammatical form of L2 (second language) must be noticed to make acquisition happens and that SLA (second language acquisition) instruction must be integrated into language teaching by which the grammatical forms are presented to learners in meaningful context. IE (Input Enhancement), coined by Sharwood Smith (1991), is a deliberate manipulation to make specific grammatical features of L2 more salient. First of foremost, this technique underscores the fundamental role of input in language teaching. Likewise, the purpose of IE is to draw learners attention to target linguistic form in L2 input. According to Sharwood Smith (1991), learners could be led to noticing target form in two ways: Input Flood (IF) and Textual Enhancement (TE). Through IF, Sharwood Smith (1991) demonstrated the basic idea that the more frequent the exemplars of the target form appear in the input, the more likely the learners will notice the form. In other words, IF manipulates input by saturating L2 linguistic data with target form to draw learners attention. On the other hand, TE is a technique of manipulating the typographical features of a written text to increase the perceptual salience of target grammatical form. The typographical cues such as changing the font style, enlarging the character size, underlining, bolding, capitalizing, and highlighting with colours could be used. However, the question underpins the concept of IE is: Is it sufficient by exposing L2 manipulated input to learners? This question leads to further investigation as learners might not necessary parse the linguistic structure or make form-meaning connection. Therefore, a more specific question emerges: How effective is IE? Based on above discussion, this essay will argue that IE plays facilitative role in L2 learning. The purpose of this essay is to depict what aspects of IE could be fruitfully applied to design a language teaching activity. Review on the key empirical studies of IE will be presented in this essay. Throughout, advantages and limitations of IE will be identified within theoretical frameworks which underpin the stance. Then, we will describe how to overcome the shortfalls of IE by integrating IE with other interventions into classroom language teaching. Finally, IE implications and limitation on language teaching will be reiterated as conclusion. Before discussing the findings and implication of IE, we will first examine several input and noticing issues in SLA field. Input and Noticing Issues in SLA Research Wong (2005) defines of input as samples of language that learners are exposed to in a communicative context or setting (Wong, 2005:119). At the same time, VanPatten (2003) describes input as the language that a learner hears (or reads) that has some kind of communicative intent (VanPatten, 2003: 25). It is clearly to note that both definitions emphasise the terms of communicative. As claimed by VanPatten (2003), learners play communicative role to extract the meaning encoded in the meaning-bearing utterance or sentence. Through these interpretations, we could come to a understanding that L2 learning process engages learners as active participants in a communicative language classroom when they are exposed to L2 input. Despite of communicative value of input, it is generally agreed that input is prerequisite for L2 acquisition. However, there is a need to explore whether manipulation is essential to mediate input into intake. Perceivably, the distinction between input and intake has been drawn in SLA literature. For example, Sharwood Smith (1993) defines input as the potentially processable language data which are made available by chance or by design, to the language learner whereas intake as that part of input that has actually been processed and turned to knowledge of some kind (pp.167). This interpretation leads to ongoing debate about the role of consciousness and unconsciousness mechanism in learning process. Despite extensive research, it still remains controversial as to what type of cognitive mechanism is necessary for acquisition to occur (Svalberg, 2007: 289). Firstly, Krashen (1982) draws a distinction between learning and acquisition. Learning is the result of conscious process whereas acquisition is the product of subconscious process. According to Krashens (1982) strong Input Hypothesis, acquisition takes place when learners are exposed to comprehensible input which is a step more advanced than their current proficiency level. This perception not only implies that input is prerequisite for acquisition process, subconscious process also plays superior role compared to conscious process. In such a case, grammar instruction plays no role in L2 acquisition (Krashen, 1982). Comprehensible Input Hypothesis has thus provokes considerable debate in SLA domain. Among the researchers, Schmidt (1990), contrary to Krashens (1982) hypothesis, postulates that conscious awareness is crucial and necessary for L2 acquisition (p.27). According to Schmidt (1995: 20), only input noticed by learners will be mediated into intake. In contrast, disagree with Schmidts (1990) strong Noticing Hypothesis, Tomlin Villa (1994) posit that unconscious detection is the key process whereas conscious awareness only play facilitative role in L2 learning. Schmidt (1990) outlines six factors influencing noticing when learners process the input, including perceptual saliency of input, frequency of input, instruction, task demands, readiness of learner and processing capacity of learner. During the ongoing debates between the two positions, Sharwood Smith (1993) proposes IE techniques which are linked to Schmidts Noticing Hypothesis. IE techniques emphasise on the qualities of input, namely TE (related to input saliency) and IF (related to input frequency). Hereby, we could claim that the rationale for Sharwood Smiths (1993) IE is driven by Schmidts (1990, 1995) Noticing Hypothesis. That is, Noticing Hypothesis is the theoretical basis for IE. From this point, the debate has indubitably shifted away from general question of Is noticing necessary? to more specific questions of How noticing influence the learning outcome? and How intervention facilitate constrained grammar acquisition process? However, before we claim that IE is efficacy to facilitate L2 acquisition, we need to examine major empirical evidences in SLA research to justify our view on Sharwood Smiths notion. 2 Empirical Evidence of IE As mentioned before, the underpinning theoretical framework for IE is Schmidts (1990, 1995) Noticing Hypothesis. Although Noticing Hypothesis remains controversial, linguists (e.g. Alanen, 1995; Lee, 2002; Shook, 1994; White, 1998; Wong, 2001) has accumulated evidence over the last decade due to its important role in shedding light on how salient input can contribute to the acquisition of L2 target form. In this section, we will discuss the advantages and limitations of IE by reviewing empirical SLA studies on IF and TE. Various perspective of effectiveness such as degree of noticing, intake of forms, accurate production of forms and content comprehension will be examined along the discussion. Input Flood Empirical Evidence: Input Flood has positive effects Lee (2002) investigated the effects of input frequency on the incidental acquisition of Spanish future tense morphology. The subjects were 283 university students with different L1 backgrounds. The frequency of target form appeared in the input passages were 6, 10 and 16 exposures. In immediate post-test, he found frequency has positive effects on the comprehension and intake. In both immediate and delayed post-tests, 16F group outperformed 10F and 6F group significantly. White (1998) investigated the comparison effects of IF and TE on the acquisition of English possessive determiners (PD). 86 French children were divided into 3 treatment groups: textual enhanced input flood (IF-TE group), textual enhanced input flood plus extensive reading and listening (IF-TE+ group) and input flood without enhancement (IF group). In oral picture description task, all subjects experienced improvement. For the frequency of grammatical use, IF-TE+ significantly outperformed the IF-TE and IF group. However, there is no significant difference between IF-TE group and IF group. Empirical Evidence: Input flood has limited effects Trahey White (1993) investigated the effects of IF (positive evidence) on the acquisition of English adverb placement. Subjects were divided into 3 groups: IF group was given flooded positive evidence; IF-EI (A) group received flooded positive evidence and explicit instruction; IF-EI (Q) group received explicit instruction on question formation. They found IF group and IF-EI (A) group performed significantly better than IF-EI (Q) group on using correct word order. However, the results also revealed that IF group and IF-EI (Q) group used incorrect word order more than the IF-EI (A) group. Williams Evans (1998) examined the effects of IF (positive evidence) and explicit instruction on two English target forms: participial adjectives and the passive construction. The university students were divided into 3 groups: IF group received IF with no explicit instruction; IF-EI group received IF and explicit instruction on the forms, rules instruction and corrective feedback; and control group. For the participial adjective, both IF and IF-EI groups showed improvement. However, IF-EI group had significant higher score than IF group. This suggested that explicit instruction had greater effects than IF on this form. For the passive construction, both IF-EI and IF groups made greater improvement than the control group. However, there was no significant difference between IF-EI and IF groups. This suggested that explicit instruction has no greater effect than IF on this target form. Advantages of Input Flood Firstly, Sharwood Smith (1993, 2006) claims that the main purpose of IE is to enforce noticing. Studies show that IF increases learners attention on target forms without any explicit guidance. This incidental-driven technique provides linguistic materials that are essential for learning problem solution (Doughty William, 1998: 236). This statement is validated by Lees (2002) and Whites (1998) study. The findings supports the basic idea of IF that the more exemplars in a flood the better. Secondly, IF enhances content comprehension. The major advantage of IF is that it provides a lot of meaning-bearing input (Wong 2005: 42). With the availability of meaning-bearing input, learners are provided opportunities to capture the meaning embedded in words, syntax or morphology. In both immediate and delayed post-test, Lee (2002) found that input frequency has significant positive effects on the comprehension. Thus it could be noticed that through the exemplar-based and implicit learning method, learners could perform form-meaning connection and manage to penetrate the meaning of the message. Thirdly, IF fosters the intake of the target form. Lees (2002) study reported 16F group outperformed 10F and 6F group significantly in post-test. For recall task, 16F and 10F groups performed significantly better than 6F group. Results of oral picture description task in Whites (1998) study also revealed that all subjects experienced improvement in the use of English PD. However, there was no significant difference between IF-TE group and IF group, indicating that IF alone was sufficient to bring improvement whereas TE played no significant role on the correct use of the target form. Limitation of Input Flood First of all, studies reported that IF is a volatile technique. Findings from Williams Evans (1998) study suggested that forms did not behaviour uniformly in IF technique. Different form types can weaken or strengthen the effect of IF through their mutual interaction, as well as the interaction with other variables such as task requirement, individual differences, content complexity, and pragmatic information in the context (Han, Park Combs, 2008). Thus further investigation on how to eliminate or reduce the effect of the variables when using IF is worthwhile. Secondly, IF does not provide negative evidence. Trahey Whites (1993) study revealed the limitation of IF that the flood was not effective in helping learners to be aware of impossible positions or incorrect grammar (Wong, 2005) and explicit instruction such as negative evidence might be necessary. This situation was also demonstrated in White (1998) study, as subjects frequency use of English PD was increased by TE, but both IF and TE did not have help learners to use the grammatical form correctly. That is, no significant difference was found for the accuracy ratio between IF group, IF-TE group and IF-TE plus extensive reading and listening group. However, when measuring the frequency of grammatical use, IF-TE plus extensive reading and listening group significantly outperformed the IF-TE and IF group. These findings suggest that comprehensible input might be more effective than IE in the acquisition of English PD agreement rules. Again, this issue still remains controversial and is worth further investigation as Krashens Comprehensible Input Hypothesis is refuted by mostly SLA researchers. Nevertheless, this phenomenon might be explained by the statement that comprehension precedes production (Lightbown et al, 2002; Krashen, 1982). Wong (2005: 94) cautions that acquisition is slow and complex hence we could not expect learners to use target form correctly immediately after IE treatment. Thirdly, Input Flood is an implicit technique where no effort is done to direct learners to the embedded forms in the input (Wong, 2005). Whites (1998) study reported that a third of learners were confused about the purpose of the textual enhancement. The textually enhanced input failed to help the learners to figure out the English PD agreement rule. As seen from empirical evidence, IF is an easy-to-use technique. It could be modified and incorporated easily in the classrooms to emphasize specific target form (Cowan, 2008). However, IF imposes some limitations on language teaching pedagogy which is not as effective as other focus-on-form activities. The discussion of how to apply this technique in language teaching will be demonstrated in next section of this essay. Textual Enhancement Like IF, SLA studies on TE also report mixed results. Researchers found that TE has positive effects, has partial effects, and has no effect on L2 acquisition of grammatical features. While Leow (2001) and Leow at al. (2003) have only manipulated the input by TE as an independent variable, the other studies investigated effects of TE in the combination with other intervention . Empirical Evidence: Textual enhancement has positive effects Studies conducted by Jourdenais et al. (1995), Shook (1994), Wong (2001) revealed that TE had not only helps learners to notice the target forms in input, but it is also very effective for enhancing learners intake new grammatical forms. Shook (1994) investigated the effects of TE on Spanish present perfect tense and relative pronouns (quen/quein). The subjects were 125 university students. The results revealed that the two experimental groups who received the passages with TE performed significantly better than the control group in all tests. However, there was no significant difference between TE group and TE plus focus on form group, revealing that focus on form information played no role in L2 acquisition. Jourdenais et al.s (1995) investigated the effects of TE on the acquisition of Spanish preterite and imperfect past tense forms. Both enhanced and unenhanced versions came with pictures depicting the events of the story. Think-aloud protocols and a picture-based written narration task were used to collect data. Results indicated that TE increased noticing of target L2 form and had a significant positive effect on learners output. Empirical Evidence: Textual enhancement has limited effects Alanen (1995) examined the effects of TE and explicit information on the acquisition of semi-artificial Finnish locative suffixes and consonant changes. 36 English subjects were divided into 4 groups: unenhanced passages (UE group), unenhanced passages plus explicit information (UE-EI group), enhanced passages (TE group) and enhanced passages plus explicit information (TE-EI group). On the sentence completion test, TE group performed better than UE group. However, Alanen (1995) found that both EI groups performed significantly better than non-EI groups on both target forms. The result, contradict with Shooks (1994) study, indicated that explicit grammar instruction had greater positive impact than TE. Results from Whites (1998) study, discussed in the previous section of IF, revealed that TE increased the grammatical use of possessive determiners. However, its impact was not as significant as IF which brought greater improvement. White (1998) concluded that benefits resulting from the experimental treatment conditions were due to increased exposure through IF of target forms and not to any other kinds of enhancement (White, 1998: 103). This claim means IF is the only effective tool to enhance L2 acquisition in her study is. Izumi (2002) investigated the comparative effects of TE and output on the acquisition of English relative clause. Subjects were 61 adults with different L1 backgrounds. Explicit information was given to the subjects to attend to the highlighted form. The results found that output-input task brought measurable gains in target form acquisition. Those who received TE treatment failed to show significant gains in acquisition. Wong (2001) examined the effects of TE, simplified input and exposure to reading on the acquisition of French gender agreement of past participles. 81 English university learners were respectively exposed to four conditions: enhanced and simplified passages (TE-S group), enhanced and unsimplified passages (TE-US group), unenhanced and simplified passages (UE-S group), and unenhanced and unsimplified passages (UE-US group). It is found that TE and simplification had no significant effects on the intake of the target forms. However, TE had significant positive effects on the content comprehension. Empirical Evidence: Textual Enhancement has no (or negative) effects In Leows (1997) study the effects of textual length and TE were examined. 84 college learners were divided into 4 groups and were accordingly given an unenhanced long passage, an unenhanced short passage, an enhanced long passage and an enhanced short passage. Results revealed that TE has no effects on either comprehension or intake of the targeted form. Shorter text length improved comprehension but not the intake. Overstreet (1998) replicated Jourdenais et al.s (1995) study and found negative effects of TE. He combined two factors, namely TE (bolded, underlined, increased font size, different font types and shadowed) and topic familiarity on the acquisition of Spanish preterite and imperfect past tense forms. 50 university learners were given one story each, either enhanced or unenhanced. Neither factor significantly affected learners intake. Moreover, Overstreet (1998) found that TE negatively affected comprehension, mainly due to numerous types of enhancements (Lee Benati, 2007: 25). Leow (2001), after a few years of his study in 1997, conducted another study to investigate effect of TE on the acquisition and comprehension of Spanish formal imperative. He did not apply other invention but only TE in this study. The results once again revealed TE has no effects on intake and comprehension. Leow et al. (2003) examined the effects of TE on the acquisition of Spanish present perfect tense and present subjunctive mood. 72 university learners were divided into two groups. One group was given 2 enhanced passages and another group was given 2 unenhanced passages. Results showed that although subjects noticed the target forms when reading, TE did not enhance the intake of the target forms. S.Lee (2007), similar to Overstreets (1998) study, examined the effects of TE ( ±TE) and topic familiarity ( ±F) on English passive construction. 259 Korean subjects were divided to 4 groups: +E/+F group, -E/-F group, -E/+F group and +E/à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢F group. The results revealed that TE was beneficial for the intake of target form, but interestingly, negatively affected the comprehension. Advantages and Limitations of TE Some of above studies demonstrated that TE has significant impact on SLA, either in positive or negative ways. First of all, TE increases noticing. This technique offers more salient target form in written input that learners may easily miss (Wong, 2005: 49). Jourdenais et al. (1995) stated that typographical modification can be used as an effective technique for enhancing salience of language features (Jourdenais et al., 1995: 208). As evidence, both Leow et al. (2003) and Jourdenais et al. (1995) used think aloud protocols and reported that subjects noticed the typographically enhanced target forms when reading. Second, TE is effective to enhance intake of forms. For example, Alanen (1995)s study reported that TE group performed better than UE group in sentence completion test. This indicates the positive role of TE on the acquisition of L2 grammar. Jourdenais et al. (1995) also reported that TE had a significant effect on learners output. By contrast, TE failed to demonstrate positive impact on learners comprehension and intake in Leows (1997, 2001) and Overstreets (1998) studies. These studies demonstrated that implicit noticing is not as effective as explicit instruction and that, clearly, learners needed more help than the input provided (White, 1998: 102). Also, although subjects in both Leow et al.s (2003) and Jourdenais et al.s (1995) studies noticed the enhanced target forms, they performed differently in production. Jourdenais et al. (1995) found positive effect of TE on the intake of the target forms whereas Leow et al. (2003) reported that TE did not enhance the intake of the target forms. In addition, Izumi (2002) found that subjects who received TE treatment failed to show significant gains in acquisition, despite the positive impact on the noticing of the target form. More interestingly, output played significant role in his study. These findings are contradicted to Ellis (1997) claim that TE is effective to induce learners to undertake a kind of form function analysis of the structure, as this is exemplified in input that has been specially contrived to illustrate it (Ellis, 1997: 87). Therefore Polio (2007) states that Sharwood Smiths focus was what had been done to the input, rather than what happened in learners mind (Polio, 2007, cited in Gass Selinker, 2008: 388). However, this notion is inaccurate that Sharwood Smith (1991, 1993) has alerted that we should not rely solely on TE to increase learners attention. Noticing triggered artificially by TE might not result in intake. Although learners may notice the signals, the input may nevertheless be non-salient to their learning mechanism (Sharwood Smith, 1991: 21). As Ellis (1997) describes the use of TE focuses learners attention on specific linguistic features and assists them to encode the meaning embedded in the features, it is suggested here that TE should be integrated with other interventions for better result. Third, TE enhances comprehension. In Wong (2001)s study, TE had significant positive effects on the content comprehension, namely it enhanced the recall of the idea units that corresponded to the target forms. However, evidence from Overstreets (1998) and S.Lees (2007) studies suggested TE distracted learners attention from meaning. The results indicated that TE has negatively affected learners comprehension on the content of the passages. In spite of increasing evidence suggesting that TE can promote noticing of certain linguistic features, it remains a matter a debate whether or not it has simultaneously created a trade-off between intake and comprehension (Han, Park Combs, 2008). Also, Simard (2009) cautioned that selection and combination of different typographical cues lead to different impacts on the intakes. His study reported that the use of capital letters and a combination of 3 typographical cues promote the intake of the forms. Overstreets (1998) use of numerous types of typographical cues might lead to distraction and confusion thus did not enhance the acquisition. Therefore, in order to ensure the quality of instructional material, language teachers should select cues carefully. Fourth, TE is a volatile and changeable technique. In other words, external variables may affect the effectiveness of TE. For example, with no prior knowledge about the target forms, the technique is not beneficial to learners (e.g. Leow, 1997, 2001; Leow et al. 2003). Alanens (1995) study also reported that TE had different effects on different target grammatical forms. Age and puberty are other factors that might mitigate the effects of TE. In Whites (1998) study, the children who are still developing their L2 may have encountered a cognitive overload problem (Doughty William, 1998) and therefore constrained the learning process. Clearly, conflicting results on the impact of IE on acquisition, whether positive, limited or negative, are noticeable from previous studies. Several questions emerged subsequently from the review: are these mixed results attributed to different methodological designs that provide learners different degree of input quality and quantity? Or is it due to different grammatical forms targeted in different studies? If so, does this mean that different target forms are vulnerable variable that correspond to IE techniques in different ways? These insights are meaningful and important for the implication of IE in language pedagogy and will be discussed in following section. 3 Pedagogical Implications Nowadays it is common for language teachers to use IE techniques to enhance specific features of L2 in order to draw learners attention to target linguistic aspects. Although IE does not provide full and consistent picture to SLA pedagogy, it offers valuable information on how to deliberately draw learners attention to target forms. As shown, uncertainties still exist on the facilitative role of IF and TE in SLA research. The debate on Noticing Hypothesis still remains open while previous studies failed to show conclusive and consistent results on IE effectiveness. However, fortunately, the field has moved from the debate on the necessity of conscious noticing to the mixed results of IE efficacy. That is, the theoretical development has now provided a clearer window to take a glimpse and imply IE techniques more effectively to language pedagogy with underpinning SLA issues. In contrast with UG, IE is a sub-field of cognitive models which emphasis on how learners process and decode the input. It should be borne in mind that noticing triggered artificially by IE might not result in intake. This implies that one cannot be assured if the enhanced input will become comprehensible and that the effects of IE vary from case to case. In terms of Input Hypothesis (Krashen, 1982), we argues that input play roles in L2 acquisition with the aids of noticing. As stated by Wong (2005), once target form is noticed, learners need to make form-meaning connection to encode underlies linguistic rules correctly (p.90-91). This notion is in line with VanPattens (1996, 2003) input processing theory where intake is equalised to form-meaning connection. Thus IE and other focus on forms tasks such as processing instruction (VanPatten, 1996, 2003) and consciousness-raising tasks might be combined in language teaching for better results. Also, it is reckoned that output tasks might be integrated into SLA instruction when applying IE concept. Long (1996) distinguishes two types of input: positive evidence and negative evidence. In coherence with Longs notion, Sharwood Smith (1993) proposed both positive and negative IE techniques. IE and TE are positive IE whereas negative IE is basically feedback or negative evidence. When there is a gap between learners perception of L2 grammar and evidence in the input, then positive evidence (input) may triggers to change the grammar (Sharwood Smith, 1991: 122-123). On the other hand, when learners are being confronted with their own production (output), negative IE signals that given forms are incorrect, thus warns learners that they have violated the grammatical rules (Sharwood Smith, 1993: 177). This notion implies that IE approach not only adopts Schmidts Noticing Hypothesis as major foundation, but has also implies Longs Interaction Hypothesis as well as Swains (1995) Output Hypothesis. Apparently, Sharwood Smith proposal of negative evidence has been generally neglected by SLA researchers. Therefore, it would be beneficial if language teachers reckon that input (positive evidence) and output (negative evidence) are both important to promote acquisition with the aid of noticing. Particularly, Ellis (1997: 109) asserts that comprehensible input is derived from both input and interactional (output) modifications makes specific linguistic features more salient and facilitates the development of L2. Negotiate for meaning is thus beneficial to promote acquisition. It directs learners attention to focus on the form that initially caused understanding problems and also helps learners to modify their interlanguage production whenever the gap is being identified (Long, 1983; Pica, 1992). Likewise, Wong (2005) suggested that input should not be one-way instruction, namely simply giving input to L2 learners. Learners may be instructed to respond to the input through activities such as quiz, answering questions, story reconstructing, drawing based on oral directions and games. Hereby, interaction has been stressed in order to make the IF more meaningful to the learners. As pointed out by Wong (2005: 46, 60-61), instructors must always keep meaning communication as primary goal of language in attempts of enhancing the input. Attending to both meaning and form is important to make form-meaning connections possible. By this way, respond to the input is a crucial compartment for language learning. This insight is compatible to Ellis (1997) claim that input-based interpretation grammar instruction mediates input into intake. Accordingly, Lee VanPattens (1995: 51) proposal to use learners and classroom setting for language teaching could be combined with IE in a communicative language classroom. Instructors might integrate grammar teaching into authentic context. For example, input could be presented to learners through IF visually and verbally in a natural classroom setting. It will be beneficial if simple scenarios could be constructed. In addition, name of learners could be addressed in the sentence to promote further noticing, such as below: à §Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¨Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã…  Ã…  Ãƒ ©- ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…  Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ Mary BA door close up. à ¥Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ «Ãƒ ¦Ã…  Ã…  Ãƒ ©Ã… ¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã…  Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ David BA shoes put on. à §Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ¦Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¦Ã…  Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ John BA chair move away.

Puritanism in The Scarlet Letter, Bartleby, and Daisy Miller Essay exam

     Ã‚   In today's society, it is infrequent that you turn on the television and are not bombarded with images of sex, violence, or other content that the Puritans would have viewed as being the work of Old Deluder (the name given to Satan in the time period). Yes, it is true; the society in which we dwell in today is no more remarkable than that of barbaric times. The only difference might be that we no longer kill out of primal instinct; we do it out of fear, or malice, or patriotism, or even pleasure. Thus, we are faced with the question of whether or not today's society would experience benefits if a conversion to Puritanism was made or drown in its waters. Because Puritanism conformed to such austere guidelines and beliefs that almost completely obliterated the individual's role in the social unit and because the foundation of the religion is to essentially "kill" freedom and liberty in order to create a social purity that is virtually impossible for humans to achi eve, I believe that Puritanism would only add to the degradation of society today. The books The Scarlet Letter, Bartleby, and Daisy Miller exemplify this theory. Puritanism's ultimate goal was to essentially establish a religiously pure and socialistic community in which everyone would work for the good of one another. However, Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter contradicts the belief that a society of this sort can ever exist. Rather, he theorizes that the suppression of this sinful behavior only leads to personal agony and social isolation. Hester, for example, who committed the sin of adultery, which society today frowns upon but does not punish for, became alienated enduring "three hours on the platform pillory, and then and thereafter, for... ...the realities of the "exemplary religion" known as Puritanism. It conflicts with both the natural rights of man in his existence (as the French philosophe Locke reasoned) and virtually denies men of his freedoms stated in the Constitution of the United States. Puritanism undermines the role of an individual in society and suppresses intellectuality. Puritanism destroys more than just ideas; it destroys people.    Works Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "The Maypole of Merry Mount". (1836). Honors American Literature. Period 8. 1999. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. (1850) New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1994. James, Henry. Daisy Miller. (1878) New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1995. Melville, Herman. Bartleby. (1856) New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1990. Updike, John. "A&P". Honors American Literature. Period 8. 1999.

A Comparison of Moral Views Essay

When we think of ancient philosophies, we immediately think of the early Greek philosophers. Among them were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, considered as the Fathers of Philosophy. Although they have different views on some certain aspects, we all know that they are the most influential thinkers not only during their respective times but today. This paper will focus on the similarities and differences of the moral and ethical views of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. Socrates believed that self-knowledge will meet the conditions of having a good life. For Socrates, knowledge and virtue are of the same category. If a person could not learn knowledge, he cannot learn virtue. With this, he argued that virtue can be taught. â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living.† Socrates believed that the pursue of knowledge and wisdom should always come first before any private interests. For him, seeking knowledge is in accordance to ethical and moral actions. Socrates, considered to be the greatest philosopher of all time, assumed that reason will lead to the good life. He believed that the real happiness a person achieved was influenced mainly by doing what seems to be right. When a person’s true value and function is found, he will achieve happiness. The Socratic ethics can be categorized as teleological in nature. We humans act towards the good and these actions naturally have their purposes. Plato, like all the early philosophers, based his beliefs on ethics on virtues and human well-being. Plato’s beliefs on happiness diverged significantly from other philosopher’s views. Due to this, his time on describing his own concept of happiness was divided. He spent lots of time criticizing the customary beliefs of the good life. Plato also considered happiness as perfect and is not easily understandable since it is supported by metaphysical assumptions that appear to be vague and is impossible to be understood. The focuses on Platonic ethics are the problems and difficulties of an individual, not happiness as a factor of good-living. For Aristotle, ethical knowledge is considered to be a general knowledge and not a precise knowledge. He argued that ethical knowledge is not a theoretical discipline but rather practical in nature. Aristotle believed that to become good, a person should have experienced the actions of life and is in accordance to fine habits. He did not believe that merely studying virtues will make a particular individual virtuous. One should do righteous and honorable to be good and virtuous. Aristotle believed that reputation and respect only would give a person his happiness. He argued that an individual finds happiness by fulfilling his functions as a human being. For Aristotle, a human’s function is to utilize what he has that everything else does not, his capacity to think or reason, or logos. A person using his ability to reason fulfills his nature as a rational soul and therefore finds his absolute happiness. For me, Aristotle’s ethical philosophy is the most applicable and the most practical to adapt. Unlike Socrates’ belief that an individual will be virtuous if he studies the virtues, Aristotle believed that one should act good to be good – not by merely studying how to be good nor what is good. Plato, on the other hand, focused on what should not be done in order to make a person’s life good. Aristotle argued that understanding what is good does not make a person good. So I think, Aristotle’s concept on morality stands among the three of them, just like the saying goes â€Å"Actions speak louder than words.†

Celebrate Veterans Day - History and Origin of Veterans Day

People sometimes confuse the meanings of Memorial Day and Veterans Day. Memorial Day, often called Decoration Day, is observed the last Monday in May as a remembrance of those who died in military service of the United States. Veterans Day is observed on November 11 in honor of military veterans. The History of Veterans Day In 1918, on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day in the eleventh month, the world rejoiced and celebrated. After four years of bitter war, an armistice was signed. The war to end all wars, World War I, was over. November 11, 1919 was set aside as Armistice Day in the United States. It was a day  to remember the sacrifices that men and women made during World War I in order to ensure a lasting peace. On Armistice Day, soldiers who survived the war marched in a parade through their home towns. Politicians and veteran officers gave speeches and held ceremonies of thanks for the peace they had won. Congress voted Armistice Day a federal holiday in 1938, twenty  years after the war ended. But Americans soon realized that the previous war would not be the last one. World War II began the following year and nations great and small again participated in a bloody struggle. For awhile after the Second World War, November 11 continued by be observed as Armistice Day. Then, in 1953, the townspeople in Emporia, Kansas began calling  the holiday Veterans Day in gratitude to both the World War I and World War II veterans in their town. Soon after, Congress passed a bill introduced by Kansas congressman, Edward Rees renaming the federal holiday Veterans Day. In 1971, President Nixon declared it a federal holiday to be observed on the second Monday in November. Americans still give thanks for peace on Veterans  Day. There are ceremonies and speeches. At 11:00 in the morning, most Americans observe a moment of silence, remembering those who fought for peace. After the United States involvement in the Vietnam War, the emphasis on holiday activities has shifted. There are fewer military parades and ceremonies. Veterans gather at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C.  They place gifts at the names of their friends and relatives who fell in the Vietnam War. Families who have lost sons and daughters in wars turn their thoughts more toward peace and the avoidance of future wars. Veterans of military service have organized support groups such as the American Legion and Veterans of Foreign Wars. On Veterans Day and Memorial Day, these groups raise funds for their charitable activities by selling paper poppies made by disabled veterans. This bright red wildflower became a symbol of World War I after a bloody battle in a field of poppies called Flanders Field in Belgium. Ways to Honor Veterans on Veterans Day It is important that we continue to share the significance of Veterans Day with younger generations. Try these ideas with your kids to help them understand why its important to honor our nations veterans. Teach your children history of the holiday. Passing on the history of Veterans Day and ensuring that our children understand and remember the sacrifices that servicemen and women have made for our country is a meaningful way to honor our veterans. Read books, watch documentaries, complete Veterans  Day Printables, and discuss Veterans Day with your children.   Visit veterans. Make cards and write thank-you notes to deliver to veterans at the VA hospital or nursing home. Visit with them. Thank them for their service and listen to their stories if they’d like to share them. Display the American flag.  The  American flag should be  displayed at half-mast for Veterans Day.  Take time on Veterans Day to teach your children this and  other American flag etiquette. Watch a parade.  If your city  still holds a Veterans Day parade, you can honor veterans by taking your kids to see it.  Being there clapping on the sidelines  demonstrates to the men and women in the parade that we still remember and recognize their sacrifices. Serve a veteran.  Take time on  Veterans Day to serve a vet. Rake leaves, mow his or her  lawn, or  deliver a  meal or dessert.   Veterans Day is much more than simply a day when the banks and post offices are closed. Take some time to honor the men and women who have served our country and teach the next generation to do the same. Historical facts courtesy of Embassy of the United States of America Updated by Kris Bales